Monday, September 30, 2019

Introduction to Sociology Essay

Essay Questions 1. Develop the differences among the three theoretical approaches by applying each to the family. In each case, how do we understand a family and its operation? 2.Imagine that you were asked by another student, â€Å"What would be the benefits of taking a course in sociology?† Explain how and why sociology can transform the way someone sees the world. 3. The sociological perspective helps us recognize that the lives of individuals are shaped by the forces of society. Explain, in a short essay, how the sociological perspective reveals â€Å"the general in the particular.† To illustrate, explain how society plays a part in your own decision to attend college. 4. Outline the ten steps in the process of carrying out sociological investigation. You may use the format presented in the text; that is, what specific questions must be answered as a researcher moves along? 5. How and why is gender important in research? What are some of the problems in research that involve gender? How about race and ethnicity? Why might a researcher need to take race and ethnicity into account when planning research with a specific category of people? 6. How does ideal culture differ from real culture? Illustrate your essay using three examples of how ideal and real culture differ in Saudi society. 7. Drawing on the ideas of Lenski, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, cite ways in which one might claim modern society is better than societies in the past. In what ways might any of these thinkers see modern society as getting worse? 8. What would Marx propose as a solution to the problem of alienation? What would Weber propose as a solution to the same problem as he understood it? What would Durkheim propose as a solution to the problem of anomie? Which of these three problems do you think is the most serious in today’s world? Why? How might you address these three issues? 9.Explain the nature-nurture debate. How did Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead take different position in this debate? 10.Based on everything you have read in this chapter, write an essay in which you state your own position on the degree to which human beings can claim to have freedom. Provide specific references to chapter material in your essay.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Tutorial on Alligation

Tutorial – Alligation I This is a copy on a word document. A few members have posted that they could not open the original that was posted on August 4, 2002 as a Created Text File. The following is an exact duplicate: The following is a dilution problem, solved by using an alligation method. to see this problem solved by using ratio/proportion please see a Tutorial called: Tutorial on Dilution Using the Ratio / Proportion Method Problem: The doctor has ordered 60ml of a 12% solution of a specific drug (Rx). However, on the shelf you have only 30% (Availability or Av). What can you do? or use instead? Answer: Dilute the stronger 30% with WATER to make a 12% solution Calculation: Alligation or Ratio/Proportion Method This Tutorial is by using the Alligation method only. For the Ratio Proportion Method Please see the Tutorial on Dilution Using the Ratio / Proportion Method Begin by drawing a Tic Tac Toe diagram: NOTE: WATER has NO drug in it. Therefore the percentage (%) of drug is 0%. 1. Place the high in the upper left. (H) 2. Place the lowest in the lower left. (L) 3. Place the middle or what you are going to make in the middle. (M) 4. Subtract H – L and it becomes (both) the denominators. 30-0=30 5. Subtract H – M and it becomes the numerator of the lower right corner. 30- 12=18 6. Subtract M – L and it becomes the numerator of the upper right corner. 12-0=12 7. Check point: 12 + 18 = 30, 30 over 30 = 1 or 30/30 = 1 Note in the future doing other alligations: If your answer is one or 1 then you may proceed with a green light to the next step! Your alligation should look like this: 12 30% —– X 60 ml = 24 ml of 30 % solution 30 12% 18 % —– X 60 ml = 36 ml of WATER (0 % solution) 30 = 60 ml of 12% solution Dear All With the ability of this new site to keep the graphic or design of the tic tac toe, I have been able to enhance it here on a File attachment. The lines of the alegation stay straight!!! Jeanetta Mastron copyright July 18, 2002 The above is an exact copy/duplicate of the Created Text File on a word document. A few members have posted that they could not open the original that was posted on August 4, 2002 as a Created Textr File. The above is an exact duplicate. The following is the original date it was posted, the original link that is STILL on the site with the Created Text File, and a Print Screen which proves the original posted date. Original post date: Aug  4,  2002 Original link of JeanettasPTCBStudyGroup: http://f1. grp. yahoofs. com/v1/AMLVSb6aO3208cFhgB9h90haDMQjWFAZpRWYP9pgHo88xiQ8ZLvqBwWiBIDp pIEkkCdYpiUxP5thnV6nJHq6/5-%20Tutorial-1%20%26%20Study%20Information/S%208-%20Math%20Tutorials%20Only/Alligations/Tutorial%20on%20Allegations%20I This is the original and current description of the Created Text of: Tutorial on Allegations I Learn how to dilute a strong solution with WATER using the Allegation methodas described by Jeanetta Mastron CPhT, Founder of the PTCB Study Group! . To learn how to do this with the Ratio-Proportion Method see the Tutorial on Dilutio using Ratio/Proportion Method copyright July 2002 by Jeanetta Mastron This is a print screen to prove that this was posted earlier. [pic] Please note the correct spelling of the word is Alligation. [pic] ———————– Notice the dates: Original Sept 21, 2003 Word Copy Apr 3, 2009 Updated Word May 23, 2009

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Eths Week Diversity

You may need additional resources from the University Library to complete this aactivity. Write a 750 to 1,050- word paper answering the following questions: The status of women in the United States tthroughout history one of the first things that you will see was that women had much fewer rights and they were not accepted in job places as the men were. Women were known as the mother of children who stayed home and also being the house wife that took care of all the household needs such as cleaning, cooking, and taking care of all the bills and finances that the husband brought home from long days of work.Women always made sure that everything was in place and token care of. Men were thought of as the superior ones and the women were less of them, they were not able to work in the same positions as the men in work places, or have card night with a few drinks with their friends. The women’s role was to take care of all the chores within the home such as the laundry,ironing,clea ning of the home including dusting, taking care of the children and the mearns responsibility was all the labor chores of the outside such as the yard faintness, plowing the snow, they would be the ones to go hunt and fish.Many things have changed from the history of women that is present in the U. S. today once the 20th contrary came around women were given the right to vote as well as the right to be treated equally to men in the work environment. The women today have all the rights as everyone else of the opposite sex and have learned how to be dependent on them now instead of on their spouse. The wages for women are not any less of the men and are able to receive positions anywhere as a man would be in.You see women in politics trying to stand up for what could be good for our nations and is allowed to voice their own opinions on issues and problems that we are facing within our nation. You also now see women being police officers, firefighters and other law enforcement jobs. So me examples of concepts or constructions of masculinity and feminine that we see in the society and in the media are everywhere in today’s life. I will start when it all starts and this is in children. We know that pink is for girls and blue is for boys.The girls toys are dolls, play make up and princess outfits while the boys toys are cars and trucks, guns, super heroes figuring’s and outfits. The teenage life we see the girls are about makeup, their hair styles, brawls, and making sure that they have the top of the line outfits that looks just right. The boy’s are into sports, and cars, and what cologne will make the girls want them. As adults we see how the mother is taking care of the children and what will help them with this and we see that for men it is about vehicle, sports, and sex appeal.Following its passage by the United States Congress. (www. gsaday. org) Some of the social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U. S. are the respect that they get from others and the dincriminating ways others put on them just because they are women or apart of the GLBT community. I feel that there are many people that are out in this world that will live their lives just to make the lives of women and GLBT people harder for no reason other than to make them feel better.We are finally seeing both in politics and earning their respect that is needed but it is still harder for them to get where they are just because of what they are. I feel that one day will be better than what it is today and it is up to all of us to find the ways to get us all there are do it. It a big team job but it is possible to see the stereotyping, discrimination, and racism become little to nothing in our Nation. This is why I will have faith forever to see a change soon.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Ethical practices in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical practices in Business - Essay Example These include community, environmental and social aspects and also the economic impacts (Holm & Lillywhite, 2002). Let us try and find out the ethical practices followed in some leading organizations. Westpac Banking Corporation Take the example of Westpac Banking Corporation. This is the first Australian bank which has developed and implemented a strict social, environmental and ethical code of conduct for the complete supply chain of about ten thousand companies. Such supplier companies need to strictly adhere to the requisite minimum standards of regulatory compliance and follow responsible and ethical business practices. According to the general manager of Westpac Banking Corporation, Lyn Lennard, companies which fail to maintain the standard business practices will be removed from the supply chain. The bank will be working closely and encourage these companies to adhere to the business practices. Moreover there will be time to time monitoring and review which will help the bank to ascertain whether such supply chain organizations are strictly following these standards (Westpac.com, 2008). BP Australia Pty Limited Let us consider the ethical practices at BP Australia Limited. Initially a local Australian company, this has now grown into a global energy group operating over 100 countries and employing over 100000 people worldwide (bp.com, 2011).

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Pure Country and Stereotype Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pure Country and Stereotype - Movie Review Example Stereotype denotes simplified and fixed image of all members of a culture or group. Stereotypes are often based on race, religion, ethnicity, age, gender, and national origins (Stereotypes 2006). In Pure Country, Dusty is the stereotypical country musician-with a big hanging beard and ponytail. In today's modern thinking, mentioning the word country musician would paint a picture of a man with his long hair tied in ponytail and big beard clutching a stringed instrument. This stereotype emerged from the image of popular country musicians like Willie Nelson. This depiction of country musician has a very interesting history. Country music is an integration of the music types in the Southern America including traditional music, Gospel music, Celtic music, blues, and old time music (Peterson 1999). Before the term "country music" is coined and is used to denote to this amalgam, country music is more popularly known as hillbilly music because of its Southern American origin (Peterson 1999). Hillbilly became derogatory as it denotes the stereotypical dwellers of the rural and mountainous areas of southern Appalachia who are described as "free and untrammeled white citizen of Alabama, who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires off his revolver as the fancy takes him" (Harkins 1900). Thus, a country musician being an unprofessional one is the typical hillbilly who thrives in the mountain where shaves and barber shops are unpopular. On the other hand, the story of Pure Country is reflects the romance that viewers would want to get from a love story. The movie revolves on the typical plot that the life of a celebrity is empty without finding true love. In the movie, Dusty is a very popular and accomplished musician yet there is emptiness in his heart. It shows the stereotype that celebrities do not find fulfillment in fame and money. It clearly portrays the sad realities which are not captured by the limelight. In the present world, the life of celebrities has been exposed giving the audience a glimpse of what really happens in the life of showbiz personalities. The emergence of this stereotypical depiction of a celebrities' life is the product of the realities in show business. Britney Spears sings it clearly "She's so lucky, she's a star but she cry, cry, cries in her lonely heart thinking, if there's nothing missing in her life then why do these tears come at night." This stereotype portrayed in the movie bridges the gap between audience and celebrities by stressing that fame does not bring the complete happiness that an individual desires. In a positive way, it enables audience to appreciate the things that they have like family and loved ones instead of aspiring to be admired by fans. The stereotypes explored above are being taken advantage by business organizations to profit in their operations. Country music artists are to depict a stereotypical hillbilly-big beard and long hair. On the other hand, some companies stress the beauty of being a simple individual with family than someone who is rich and famous. An example of another movie with this theme is Family Man which starred Nicholas Cage and Tea Leonie. Stereotypes often hinder society from seeing what is really there, but this

Discuss one or two results of the appearance of the British Research Paper

Discuss one or two results of the appearance of the British Petroleum's oil spill in the gulf in the cultural consciousness - Research Paper Example As a response, many communities along the cost have organized benefits to attempt to ease stressors the catastrophe has caused. One particularly successful event included a show by Jimmy Buffett (Reeves). Daily reports obviate one stark fact however. If all of the engineers and scientists cannot fix the problem, what help can anything I do be The results of the BP oil spill are felt in our cultural consciousness at the level of our political dialogue. During the Bush administration we became so used to the fact that government and the petroleum industry were inextricably linked, we have had to make conscious effort to remind ourselves that the current administration does not have such strong ties. It is literally not Obama's oil spill (Varadarajan). This is one way in which the political dialogue has felt the impact of the BP oil spill on our cultural consciousness. The results of the BP oil spill are felt in our cultural consciousness at the level on environmental concern. Protests around the globe attest to the fervor of our renewed sense of environmental concern. Recently, it has been strikingly noted as a cultural conscious during a protest at the British Museum ("Oil slick protest at British Museum"). It seems that on some level people are making the connection between the man-made disaster and the cultural imperatives that drive us to them. The results of

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Case Study and Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

And Analysis - Case Study Example As per the open system model, the organization along with the sub system which includes groups, individuals and departments often share a number of similar features which explains how the organizations functions and are organized (Cummings & Worley, p.89). The organization, in the given case study, seems to lack coordination among the members and also with the top level management. There are no specific goals attached with the organization and employees often sends query about what the specific goal is and how to achieve it. By looking at the open system model of the organization, it can be assumed that the major problem lies with the group level. Although the other two levels that is organizational level and individual level are far away from perfection but the major issue lies with the group level. Group Level Diagnosis The group level diagnosis consists of inputs under which organizational design plays an important role in group design. Structure of the organization, technology, H R system, measurement system and organizational culture are the components of the organizational design. It mainly specifies the work done tighter in a group which is the main issue in the present organization. As per the survey or questions asked, the response revealed that the organization did not have a so called team. The organization does not function as a team whenever group decisions are required. As commented by Don, the national sales manager, the members do not listen to each other and tends to talk much without listening much to each other. The members are effective in sharing information but not much as a team. The core factors of team functioning was missing such as appraisals and reward system. The next factor is design components which consist of five major components. In task structure, the main idea is to see how the group work is designed. It varies along two dimensions which are regulation of task behavior and coordination of member’s effort. In the respect ive case, there is no group work, no interaction among the group members regarding the work. When meeting are conducted the members do not know what to discuss on such meetings. Meetings are thought to be wastage of time and rather talking as a team the members address it to Joe the division president. The next components talks about the clarity of goal. The members do not know the objective of the organization, what kind of goal is the organization thriving for and so on. Group composition is concerned with the membership of the groups .The members have the ability to differ on dimensions which are relevant to group behavior. But group work does not take a stand in the particular organization, members tends to work on their own, their own way. Group functioning is also important to group life. It takes into consideration how members of an organization relate to each other as quality of relationship does affect the task performance. The relationship among the members is quite effect ive, which is expressed on the last page of the case study. Since there is a lack of team spirit and team work, members needs to work on their own and discuss issues with Joe instead of team members. Lastly, the performance norms which talks about the group should perform task and include performance which are acceptable. The members in the organization want Joe to take care of the needs and

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Work placement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Work placement - Essay Example 1996 kemal tataurk high school basketball team istanbul, turkey. Photography , DJing ,Football , Basketball, Swimming, and Skiing, Politics and Information technologies personal particulars: age : 23 years DATE OF BIRTH : 25th march 1982. SEX : feMALE. marital status : Unmarried LANGUAGES KNOWN : ENGLISH, german and turkish I hereby declare that all the information furnished above by me is authentic to the best of my knowledge and belief. TASK 2- COVERING LETTER 1 Jet Recruitment Ltd. 87 Marathon House 58 Rosemary Close 200 Marylebone Rd Phone: 01708 400055 Nw1 5pw South Ockendon RM15 6JH UK October 31, 2005 Re: Estimator/Senior Estimator Dear Mrs. Sanders I recently graduated with a bachelor's degree in Built Environment and am looking for a full-time position the field. This correspondence is in relation to the job vacancy announcement for the post of "Estimator/Senior Estimator" on the 27th of October on the Internet. I am extremely keen on beginning my career at Jet Recruitment Ltd. The corporate histories of Jet Recruitment Ltd, especially its stability and employee feed-backs and testimonials have immensely fascinated me and I would consider it to be an honor to be a part of this organization. Considering my educational background in Built Environment at the Westminster University, I feel I have much to offer to your company and its growth. Apart from giving me an opportunity to execute my skills, it would be an experience of personal and professional development for me. I specialize in the area of Property and... Considering my educational background in Built Environment at the Westminster University, I feel I have much to offer to your company and its growth. Apart from giving me an opportunity to execute my skills, it would be an experience of personal and professional development for me. I specialize in the area of Property and Construction Sector I have a diploma in the field of Architecture and Built Environment module from the Westminster University last year. My computer related skills will provide an added benefit where efficiency is concerned. I have experience as a part-time Estimator at O'Neill & Brennan in London where I worked during the last year of University. This profile helped me gain extra qualifications pertaining to the construction sector and has inspired me to specialize in this field of study in my career. I have taken extra courses about property evaluation during the last semester of my University work which has given me the confidence to work as Estimator/Senior Estimator. Please find my C.V attached. I would appreciate your evaluation regarding my application. I look forward to hearing from you soon. This correspondence is to enquire whether you have a vacancy in your company as an Estimator/ S

Monday, September 23, 2019

Hilton Hotels Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hilton Hotels - Case Study Example 2The following are the roles that human resources have been played at the Hilton Hotels all over the world. Employees at the Hilton Hotels are extremely efficient in the delivery of services, the employees have been receiving training with an attempt to see to it that they are seen to be efficient, training is also a way by which workers are empowered and therefore this is a strategy aimed at achieving employee loyalty.3 Efficiency in economics refers to a situation in which a firm production process is optimum to avoid unnecessary expenses.4 Any guest visiting any of the Resorts leaves no room to complain after having been served by the company's employees who are highly trained. While inside the hotels the customers are attended to by the employees, who are on duty during the day and night. 5 All the 48000 rooms are fixed with telephones services just to ensure that the customers regardless of the status are attended to as he or she wishes. Orders made at the hotel Are delivered with the shortest time possible, this is mainly facilitated by the efficiency of the Chefs and the Waiters and the waitresses.6 The Hilton Hotel rooms are serviced daily and beddings and other e... fe saver attendants whose work is to ensure the safety of the guests enjoying their stay and taking a swim at the pool, should any emergency occur, the attendants who are at the pools at any time of the day and night attend to this and therefore reducing fatalities, a report on Five star Hotels in Europe showed that Hilton Resorts was top three in Efficiency with less that sixteen percent accidents 2006.Hilton Hotels therefore maintains high levels of efficiency.7 2. Customer satisfaction There are several ways to know whether a customer has been satisfied by the services and goods you are offering them, the aim of this findings is to ensure that those customers coming back and also is to see that customers responses are positive at all times. Customer's example tourists and government officials who visit various countries have been accommodated by Hilton Hotels. Various dignitaries including Presidents, ambassadors, have developed the tendency of making sure that they are booked to Hilton Hotels wherever they go, they shows that they have been getting satisfaction in the process of being the guest of the hotels. The human resources department in all the Hilton hotel resorts have trained their employees to ensure they impress their guests by way of ensuring that they are handled with care right from the time they show up at the reception with their luggage's being taken care of by attendants, and the Hotels have a policy of ensuring that each guest is assigned to a particular hospitable staff who attends to his or her need during the time period the customer stays at the hotel.8 The Hilton Hotel employee makes sure that their guests are extremely impressed with the services offered at the hotel. This ultimately ensures that the customers are satisfied with the

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Creation of American Tradition Essay Example for Free

Creation of American Tradition Essay Folklore was first utilized by William Thoms, an English antiquarian in 1846, which is defined as a body of expressive culture such as music, tales, dance, oral history, legends, customs, traditions, rituals, popular beliefs, jokes and many more within a specific population comprising the traditions of the culture, group or sub-culture (Georges, 1995). Traditions are standards or principle revered and followed by people from generation to generation which come from a Latin word traditio meaning to’ hand over’ or to ‘hand down’, and is utilized in many ways in the English Language such as customs or beliefs educated by one generation to the other which is often orally, a complex movement in religion composed of church bodies or religious denominations which have common customs, history, culture like in Islam’s Sufi tradition, and lastly, or a set of practices or customs like Christmas traditions ad the likes. Tradition is also defined as a custom, or a practice that is remembered and transferred down from one generation to the other generation and is initially without the necessity for a writing system. Traditions are mostly primeval, deeply essential, and unchangeable, but it may sometimes less normal than is expected, and some traditions were forcibly made for one or another which is often to enhance a certain institution’s importance, and it is also said to be or may also be changed to go with the necessity for the day, and can become accepted as an ancient tradition’s part. Some traditions disappear while some are altered or changed to suit to what is acceptable. Tradition could be conceptualized as repetition across space as well as time (Bronner, 2002). Appropriate to the emergence of a genuine, renewable folklore, the feature of space allowed for an oral tradition that had moved across the landscape, even in one generation, rather than having persisted through many (Bronner, 2002). Rituals are a set of actions which is often thought to have a symbolic value and the routine of which is commonly prescribed by traditions or by a religion of a community by political or religious laws. Rituals may be done on specific occasions, or on regular intervals, or at the judgment of communities or individuals which may be performed by a group, a single individual, or by the whole community in places specially allocated for it such as in private or in public, or before specific persons. Rituals purpose varies and they include satisfaction of emotional or spiritual need of the practitioner, compliance with religious ideals or obligations, strengthening of social bonds, stating one’s affiliation, demonstration of submission or respect, having approval or acceptance for some event, or for the pleasure on the ritual. Rituals are of many kinds and are always a feature of all human societies, including activities that are performed for solid purposes, or even saying hi or hello or hand-shaking. Systems of myth, rituals, feast, sacred customs, games, songs, tales, exist in such profusion that volumes would be required to contain the lore of each separate tribe (Bronner, 2002). As the verbal form used for naming these rituals suggest, which could be translated as the action of the heart, these rituals aim to acquire enhancement in the perception capacities attributed to this organ in order to confront life’s challenges. The most widely distributed rituals mark basic and irreversible turning points in life common to men everywhere. Without distinction of race or creed people everywhere are born, grow maturity, and eventually die. So universally we find birth and naming rituals, rituals marking the attainment of adulthood, weddings and funerals. Here, put at its simplest, we can see the rituals oils the wheels of life as the individual moves through the human life cycle from the cradle to grave (Lewis, 2003). References Bronner, S. J. (2002). FolkNation: Folklore In the Creation of American Tradition. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Georges, R. A. , Jones, M. O. (1995). Folkloristics: An Introduction. New York: Indiana University Press. Lewis, I. M. (2003). Social Cultural Anthropology in Perspective. New York: Transactions Publishers.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The real success factors on projects

The real success factors on projects INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper, I will discuss Terry Cooke-Davies article on ‘The â€Å"real† success factors on projects'(Cooke-Davies,2002). In his article, Cooke-Davies identifies 12 factors critical in ensuring the successful projects. Cooke-Davies starts by differentiating between successful projects, successful project management, and consistently successful projects. In addition, he argued on the existence of a relationship between project management and operations management and then proposed how successful projects aligns with corporate success. Furthermore, he concludes by asserting the role people have to play in successfully delivering projects. After summarizing Cooke-Davies article, I will agree with the results of his research in identifying the 12 factors critical for project success and on the linkage between project management and operations management; but I will disagree with the research methodology especially with respect to the small sample size , and the extrapolation of this data to apply to worldwide projects. I will also argue that the writer did not expatiate on the critical role people in delivering projects. I will conclude by reappraising the role of this article in bridging our current gap in knowledge on factors relevant for project success. MAIN REVIEW   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Terry Cooke-Davies in Sections 1 and 2 of this article, the reasons for project failure can be adduced to be the inadequate knowledge on the critical factors that lead to successful projects. Cooke-Davies argument is that prior to this research, the information available on the factors that lead to project success answered one question only which is â€Å"what factors determine a successful project?†. He asserted that in order to manage projects successfully, we need to answer three questions i.e. â€Å"what factors are critical to project management success?†, â€Å"what factors are critical to individual project success?†, â€Å"what factors lead to consistently successful projects?†. I will argue a similar view to that of Terry-Cooke here. It has been acknowledged that for projects to succeed, certain specific critical factors must be met. Researchers have acknowledged the critical role of specific factors to a projects success or failure and they also proposed that the reasons projects fail is as a result of an inability to thoroughly identify those specific factors critical to project success. The question then is What is a successful project?, What factors define a successful project?; I would suggest that the definition of a successful project will vary due to the fact that the different project stakeholders have individual interpretations of what makes project success. Along the lines of Cooke-Davies, I am arguing for a structured approach to identifying factors relevant to project success by grouping this factors into categories based on those critical for project management success, individual successful projects and consistently successful projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Section 3 focuses on the factors critical for project management success and the research methodology used in deriving the identified factors. Cooke-Davies starts by analyzing the cost and schedule performance data of 136 projects executed in Europe in the mid to late 1990s by 23 companies. From Cooke-Davies point of view, there is a correlation between the projects that where not completed on schedule and their budget overrun. The upshot of Cooke-Davies argument is that there are eight specific factors that contribute to the ability/ inability of a project to meet schedule and budget targets. He suggested that of these eight factors, six factors pertain specifically to improvement in schedule performance while two factors pertain specifically to improvement in budget performance. Cooke-Davies data leads him to the conclusion in this section that the overall strength of implementation of these identified eight factors on a project leads to an overall improvement i n the cost and schedule fundamentals of the project. I agree with Cooke-Davies in so far as the data analysis and results are concerned. The expert use of statistical tools e.g. Confidence Interval(CI), and a P value of 0.0005 helps to highlight the overwhelming statistical significance between budget and schedule fundamentals. The important and valid point Cooke-Davies suggests in this section is the relationship between budget overrun and schedule delay for a project. My disagreement with Cooke-Davies pertains to the extrapolation of this data to projects worldwide. Cooke-Davies depends on the assumption that the data derived from the sample size of 136 projects executed mainly in Europe can be extended to apply to projects worldwide. He fails to acknowledge the key role environmental factors in certain regions of the world e.g. Africa play in determining project management success. I also wish to highlight the non-inclusion of any projects been managed in Africa as a part of the resource pool of this research. This vital omission raises a pertinent question which is; Can we really extrapolate the findings of this research to apply worldwide when we have ignored data from a one continent?; the argument I am proposing for this section is that this data only pertains to projects been managed in the regions of the world where the data is derived from and cannot be extended to include those regions that are not a part of the resource pool.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cooke-Davies starts section 4 by asserting the existence of a gap between the traditional goals of project success(cost, quality, time) and the non-traditional goals such as the relevance of the project deliverable to the stakeholders. In a bid to bridge this identified gap, he argues for the use of a technique such as benefits management to help the stakeholders derive the full value from the project deliverable. Furthermore, he clarifies the distinction between the role of the project management team in delivering the project deliverable and the role of the functional management team in using the project deliverable to bring the stakeholder expectations to reality; he then proposes that the latter step is much more difficult than the former. He concludes this section by arguing that a good working relationship between the project management team and the functional management team is a critical factor in ensuring project success. The argument I wish to put forwar d here is completely in agreement with Cooke-Davies on the key concept of benefits delivery. In the past, project managers have focussed solely on delivering projects on time, budget, and at the right quality without an equal emphasis on how the project deliverable will meet the expectations of the stakeholders. In this light, I share the view of Cooke-Davies which is that a project cannot be successful unless the expectations of the stakeholders are met. Hence it is essential for the benefits management methodology to be used in translating the project deliverables to stakeholder reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In section 5, Cooke-Davies proposes how to achieve consistently successful projects. He argues on how consistently successful projects aligns with corporate success and he proposes three factors that are critical in ensuring consistently successful projects in an organization. Cooke-Daviess main argument in this section is the existence of a viscous cycle between projects that are consistently successful and improved corporate performance; his conclusion seems to be that organizations that deploy project management processes as part of their corporate culture tend to have a much more improved corporate performance. Along the lines of Cooke-Davies, I am arguing that the use of management techniques such as management by projects(MBP) in which all organizational goals are defined as projects greatly helps in ensuring consistently successful projects, and if these projects are managed in a coordinated way in line with organizational goals, it will invariably lead to improved organizational performance. My point of view is that the inculcation of a projectized organizational structure helps in the achievement of consistently successful projects. The corporate strategy of a projectized organizational structure is a focus towards ensuring that all organizational goals are managed like projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In section six, Cooke-Davies uses different project industries to argue on the existence of a relationship between successful projects and corporate success. He argues on how a successful/unsuccessful project can impact directly or indirectly on a corporate bottom-line. He concludes by proposing that the sustainability of a corporate organization depends largely on its bottom-line. Following from Cooke-Davies valid point, I am proposing a synergy between project management and value management in order to ensure long-term corporate success. This view has long been corroborated by researchers on the translation of project success to corporate success. The bottom-line is that effectively defining what the contribution of a project is to an organization is critical in the translation of the project deliverable to organizational benefits. This whole cycle of project and value management is iterative throughout the lifecycle of the project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Section 7 of Cooke-Daviess work focuses on the people aspect of project management. He acknowledges the role people have to play in project success, and then he argues that the human factors of project management cannot be singled out as a single factor of its own but is embedded in each of the identified twelve success factors. Furthermore, he concludes that the goals of the research is on how project teams achieve results and not on what motivates the project team to achieve results. Inasmuch as I agree with Cooke-Davies valid point on the critical role of the people in successful projects, it is indeed a â€Å"strange omission† that he left out the human aspects of projects till the end of his article. I would like to espouse the fact that in order to achieve project success, specific human resources strategies need to be in place. Cooke-Davies view is based on the assumption that the people are somehow integrated into the process of attaining project su ccess; but he did not explicitly define the critical role people play in attainment of project success. In contrast to Cooke-Davies view, I wish to propose that the human factor in project success is so important that it has to be singled out as an independent factor of its own. I argue that it cannot be embedded into the twelve identified success factors because of a tendency for it to be overlooked by an independent reviewer. The relegation of the human aspects of projects to the last section of this article seems to reveal a bias of the writer for the process aspects of project success with little emphasis on the critical role of people in ensuring the success of the process. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cooke-Davies article helps greatly in shedding more light on the factors relevant for project success by highlighting three perspectives of what makes a successful project. He identified eight factors relevant for project management success, one factor relevant for project success, and three factors relevant to achieving consistently successful projects. Furthermore, he argued on the relationship between project success and corporate success; and then he shows how successful projects directly or indirectly impact on different project industries. He then concluded by proposing that the role people play in projects is embedded into each of the identified twelve factors. Inasmuch as I share Cooke-Davies view on the factors relevant to project success as well as the relationship between projects and corporate bottom-line; I wish to differ on the extrapolation of this research findings to regions of the world that are not represented in the research pool of data. I wis h to also highlight the fact that even when viewed from the perspective of the regions where the research samples where derived from, the sample size is so small for it to be fully indicative of the factors that could affect project success in those regions. I would also like to argue that people are so critical in projects that the human factor of project success should occur as an independent factor. Inasmuch as the article represents an excellent effort by Cooke-Davies to fill possible gaps in our understanding of what makes a successful project; more work still needs to be done using a larger sample size which should be a true representative of all the regions of the world. ASSIGNMENT APPENDIX CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR PROJECTS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES Cooke-Davies, T(2002) ‘The â€Å"real† success factors on projects. International journal of project management, Vol.20, pp.185-190. In this article, the author drawing extensively from his PhD dissertation and statistical data obtained from a survey of 136 European projects argued that there are 12 factors essential for project success. The author starts by asserting that the reason why this factors have not been properly identified before now is because of the inability to accurately define what project success means; furthermore, the author proposed a three pronged definition of project success. In subsequent sections, the author highlights the specific factors responsible for the success of each of the three different perspectives of project success. The author concludes by acknowledging ‘albeit belatedly that the people aspects of project success is embedded within each of the aforementioned factors. This work is a commendable attempt to compartmentalize the factors responsible for project success into three different perspectives. My point of difference from this work is in terms of the small sample fr om which the authors data is derived from. In addition, I argue that leaving the people aspects of project success to the last section may seem to reveal a bias by the author for process-focused project management rather than people-focused project management. Dvir, D. Lipovetsky, S. Shenhar, A. Tishler, A.(1998) ‘In search of project classification: a non-universal approach to project success factors. Research policy, Vol.27, pp.915-935. In this article, the authors draw their data from Israeli defence projects completed in the 1980s to propose an objective classification of project types and also the specific factors that may affect the success of projects. The authors proposed the use of the multivariate analytical technique to compare the impact of specific variables derived from a particular data set on other variables in other to arrive at the possible effects of identified potential factors on the success of projects. The authors argument is that the use of the multivariate technique produced results that shows how a wide range of factors affect project success. Furthermore, the authors argued that there is no universality in the factors that affect project success hence project managers must define the factors that relate to their particular projects. The authors assert in their conclusion that the use of the multivariate analytical technique allows for the results of this research to be extrapolated to other projects. My argument is that the authors in their conclusion seem to contradict themselves because they initially argued that success factors are project specific but then conclude by proposing the usefulness of their work for all projects. Inasmuch as I agree with the objectiveness of the multivariate technique used here, I wish to disagree with the assumption of the authors in extrapolating their findings to other projects. Soja, P(2006) ‘Success factors in ERP systems implementations: Lessons from practise. Journal of Enterprise information management, Vol.19, Nos.4, pp.418-433 In this article, the author drawing extensively from data derived from respondents involved in ERP systems and his own experience in the business world argues that there are certain factors that determine the success of ERP systems. The authors methodology involved the initial identification of potential factors that could affect the outcome of ERP projects. Furthermore, the aforementioned factors where then subjected to a survey among practitioners of ERP systems to determine the relative importance of each factor and the role of each factor in determining project outcome. The results was then statistically analyzed to determine the most important factors that could determine the success of ERP projects. The authors conclusion seems to be that the importance of the identified success factors vary depending on the type of project and its duration. Sojas argument has merit and the conclusion sheds more light on the ‘foggy area of the factors that could lead to successful project outcomes. My argument against Soja is with respect to the subjective technique deployed to identify the initial potential factors. I propose that a much more objective potential factors can be arrived at from a survey of the respondents themselves rather than relying purely on the literature review. Furthermore, based on the small sample size used for this research, it will be hasty for us to extrapolate the conclusion arrived at to all ERP projects. Segalla, M(1998) ‘Factors for the success or failure of international teams: The special case of international research projects. Journal of Managerial psychology, Vol.13, Nos.3/4, pp.133-136. The author of this article proposes that inability to identify specific project requirements determines the success or failure of international research projects. In addition, the author argues that the presence or absence of certain success factors play a role in defining how successful an international research project will be. The author identifies three requirements and four factors that need to be met before an international research project can be deemed to be successful. In his conclusion, the author asserts the vital role teams play in achieving project success with an emphasis on international research projects and recommends that the success bottom line for researchers is to â€Å"Go find a team†. Along the lines of Segalla, I am also suggesting that just like any other project, certain factors need to be in place to ensure the success of international research projects. Furthermore, identification and definition of the requirements of a project plays a key role in p roject success. I also agree with the authors assertion on the vital role teams play in achieving international research project success as compared to individual work by researchers. Trent, J.R(2003) ‘Planning to use work teams effectively. Team performance management: An international journal. Vol.9, Nos.3/4, pp.50-58. In this article, the author, an associate professor of management, evaluates data derived from literature review, practical evidence derived from sampling, and his own personal experience, to argue that certain factors are essential for ensuring the success of teams. The author compartmentalizes the different stages of the team planning process and identifies various factors that are essential for the success of each stage. In his conclusion, the author seems to acknowledge that there is no factor that can be said to guarantee the success of a team; he proposes that the presence of these identified factors will only help in promoting the ability of a team to achieve success. This article reflects another attempt by an academic to identify the factors that could lead to successful teams and invariably successful projects. The pursuit of these success factors has been likened to that of the ‘Holy Grail, and this work represents an addition to the plethora of research done on â₠¬Ëœwhat makes project teams work?. My main point of disagreement with this work rests on the conclusion of the author in which he seems to contradict himself by acknowledging that these factors do not guarantee successful teams. The question then is, what is the relevance of this work if its application does not guarantee successful teams? That answer to that question is ultimately left for the readers to decide.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Synthesis of a New Potential Herbicide

Synthesis of a New Potential Herbicide CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of Study Since the beginning of the world, every creature in the world consumes food in order to survive. They ingest creatures in the sea, animals on the ground, or even vegetables on the land. In the olden days, the vegetables that mankind intake is without adding of synthetic chemicals or in other words it is organic. The purpose of adding chemicals during the vegetation process in this era of modernisation is to overcome undesirable situation like remove unwanted plants and eliminating pest. These chemical is known as pesticides. Pesticide is defined as chemical used for plant suicide. Generally, pesticide can be separate into four categories. There are insecticide, herbicide, fungicide and bactericides. Pesticides have cause pollution to the environment. It also has an impact towards animals, plant and mankind. Pesticide is a type of persistent organic pollutant to the environment because it is hard to degrade. The physical properties have disallowed degradation to occur. Examples of pesticide are paraquat, diquat, and DDT (Hafiza, 2014). In order to produce food in high yield, weed control is used. It is to ensure the food produce is economical beneficiary. The most common weed control used is by the use of herbicide. It was because herbicide is easy to use and it is efficient (Lodovichi et. al., 2013; Pannell et al.,2004; Parsons et al., 2009). Herbicide can be categorised. Normally herbicide is categorised based on mode of action. The herbicide normally work based on inhibition of enzyme or inhibit mitosis to occur (Fujiwara, 2014). Mankind need to produce more food. It was because the world population will rise to 9.6 billion people (Fujiwara, 2014). The food mankind need is going to increase since everyone need food. Yet, there are still famine going on in this era of millennium. Just in Africa alone there are more than 18,000 people are starving. Just because of food shortage, most of the children die before them reaching at the age of 5 (Missionaries of Africa, n.d). The need of food have cause human to use herbicide extensively. The extensive use of a single herbicide had cause the weed in the field to be herbicide resistant. Herbicide resistant in weed will cause several implications. It will cause the need to change a brand new weed and crop management system, cost ineffective in weed management, reduce in herbicide choice and low productivity of crop (WSSA, 2011). Thus, mankind need to produce more food for the generation to come. Yet, a cheaper pesticide is need for weed control. However, the used of pesticide can alter the gene of weed and it will resist toward the herbicide and a new herbicide is needed. The scope of study is synthesis a herbicide. The herbicide is a derivative from benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone and phenyl hydrazine. The synthesis of the derivatives it will then be test with thin layer chromatography (TLC). After, it will separate by using a silica column. Then, it is tested with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to structural confirmation. At last but not the least, the synthesised structure is subjected to herbicide bioassay test. Significant of Study The significant of the study is to synthesis a new potential herbicide. The synthesis of the potential herbicide is to allow a new herbicide to be accomplished in the market with new mode of action. The last invention of herbicide is at 1980’s (WSSA, 2011). Most of the researchers have ford see the future and synthesis a lot of brand new technology in a lot of area. However, the urgent development of a new herbicide to enhance food productivity and quality had been a concern. Herbicide resistant had been a serious matter to the world as it will affect food productivity. In nationwide, there are approximately 80% of herbicide resistant crop due to extensively use of a single type of herbicide. In side of these 80% herbicide resistant crop there are more than 90% were glyphosate resistant while the remaining percentages glufosinate resistant (Duke,2014). Thus, the urge of synthesis a new herbicide is needed to allow more choice of herbicide. In a conclusion, the need to develop a new herbicide is needed. It is to overcome the problem of increasing need of food, to resolve famine in Africa and improve food quality. Objective of Study The Objective of study is as below: To synthesised benzyldehyde, cyclohexanone, and phenyl hydrazine derivatives as potential herbicide To develop a new herbicide to resolve the problem of herbicide resistant To characterise benzyldehyde, cyclohexanone and phenyl hydrazine derivatives To overcome the problem of herbicide resistance CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pesticide Human have the greatest mind of all among animal range from bacteria to the largest animal in the world. Human is creative. Mankind likes to solve problem. When there is a problem mankind tends to find out the ways to resolve the problems. As an example, there is a species of pest in the house and human use pesticide to eliminate it. Pesticide is not something trendy in this era. It have been used since century ago and the animal that mankind label as pest can be kill by using pesticide. The history of pesticide can ancient Romans lived. In that era of time, sulfur is burned to eliminate insect pest and weed is controlled by using salt. Later at the 16th century, the ant which mankind label as pest is killed by using the mixture honey and arsenic mixture. In the 16 century also, the Chinese uses nicotine to control plum curculio(Hassall, 1990). Then, human in the 19th century try to develop an effective pesticide. To control pest the farmer in the field in that century used sulphur, copper acetoarsenite, nicotine sulphate and calcium arsenate as pesticide. However, the effects are not that effective (John, 2010). There a lot of chemicals was introduce at post-world war II. The chemicals included BHC, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, DDT, and 2,4 D (Muir, 2012). These chemicals use widely in that era. DDT is used as pesticide because of cheap, high effective and low toxicology (John, 2010). Where 2,4-D(agent orange) is being used as a herbicide due to inexpensive, high effective and easy to apply. However, pesticide have cost a lot of problem nationwide. During the world war II America used this herbicide, agent orange to attack Vietnam. In 1960’s, there is a book named slient spring whom author name Racheal Carson have raise the awerenes toward the usage of herbicide. In the book of silent spring, the author explains the bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through the food chain. Pesticide can be categorized into many categories. These included acaricide, antimicrobial, attractant, avicide, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, nematicide, piscicide, repellent, redenticide, and synergist. Different type of herbicide will target different type of pest group (Delaplane, 1996). Diagram 1, Types of pesticide and it’s target group. Adopted from, Delaplane, K.S. in pesticide usage in the united states: history, benefits, risks and trends The usage of pesticide is wide. It can be use in agriculture, public health, industry, household, personal application and material building. Usage of pesticide in India Diagram 2, usage of pesticide in India Adopt from, Gupta, P.K.(2004), Pesticide Exposure- Indian scene 2.1.1 Role of Pesticide in Agiculture The widely used of pesticide has cause some benefits to the nation as well as world. It was because the crop production annually will drop when pesticide is not used. One research had been done that when pesticide is ban, the crop production in United State alone will drop 73 percent. The decreasing in the crop production of groundnuts, cotton and soybeans will lead to instability of crop. At the same time, the decrease in crop production will affect the price of food and the famine in the world will increase (Delaplane, 1996; Knutson et.al., 1990). It was because increases in food crop production, pesticide is use in most of the developed countries. The increase of food crop production is simply because the resistant for plant to grow is minimized. Weed growth, insect attack and fungi can affect the nutrient availability in the environment. By using pesticide, control of weed, insect and fungi can be done. Thus increase nutrients availability in the soil and it could maximised the condition for crop to grow (Hassall, 1980). 2.1.2 Effect of Pesticide Since the beginning of civilization, human want to enchanced their living condition. The enchancement of living included increase food production. The increase of food production can be enchanced by the used of pesticide. However, pesticide has cause serious problem (Gupta,2004 ; Gupta, 1989). The amount of pesticide in the environment may be little but It may post a threat. In India between the years of 1958 to 1992, there are a total of eight cases of pesticide poisoning in food (Gupta, 2004). Pesticide also post threat toward marine and fresh water living organism (Edge, et. al., 2014). There is a study in Tanzania shows that it is having a high concentration of pesticide. In this country, pesticide leak to the environement as a result from improper storage. It has cause pesticide to run off to the river. After the split, high concentration of pesticide is detected from soil ( Mahugijia et.al., 2013; Kishimba and Mihale, 2004). However, after 15 years the concentration of pesticide is still high in that area after the cleaning up process and the degradation of pesticide is found to be insignificant (Mahugija at. al., 2013). 2.2 Herbicide and It’s Mode of Actions Weed is defined as a wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants (Soanes and Stevenson, 2009). The first man who use the term weed is Jethro TÃ…Â ±ll in his book name â€Å"The New Horse Hoeing Husbandary† in 1973. Jethro define weed as plant grow out of place, undesired plant on field, unwanted plant grow where it is not suppose to be, or plants and vegetation that obstruct plant growth. Thus, weed is undesirable plant growth (My agriculture information bank, 2011). The existence of weed will have impact toward crop. There is a case study in India that show interaction between weed and crop. The result shows a decrease in crop production. Whereby, wheat reduced by 15-30%, rice by 30-35%, maize, pulse, oilseed and sorghum reduces 18-85% each (Gupta, 2007; Mukhopppadhyay, 1991-92 Balyan and Malik, 1994, Rita et.al., 1995 and yadav et.al., 1995). Existence of weed is also troublesome in some area. When the weed is present on the field, it made the work hard for applying fertilizers and hard to harvest the crop. The present of weed in field may also provide shelter for pest to live and it will further reduce the crop productivity. Thus, the present of weed had cause 2.2.1 Amino Acid Sythesis Inhibitors 2.2.2 Photosystem II Inhibitors 2.2.3 Auxins Typerherbicides 2.2.4 Mitotic Inhibitors 2.2.5 Photosystem I Inhibitors 2.2.6 Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors 2.3 Herbicide Resistance 2.4 Multicomponent Reactions 2.4.1 Ugi Reactions 2.4.2 Biginelli Reaction 2.4.3 Sakurai Reaction 2.4.4 Streacker Reaction 2.4.5 Mannich Reaction 2.4.6 Hanztch Reaction 2.4.7 Application of Multicomponent Reaction Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Chapter 4 Expected Result 4.1

Thursday, September 19, 2019

An Ethical Dilemma Essay -- Animal Rights

According to Viren Swami, a professor at the University of Westminster, â€Å"animal testing, or animal research, refers to the use of animals in experiments within academic, research, or commercial establishments† (Christopher, 269). Sounds simple enough, but Swami does not mention how this testing affects the animals or why this is such a controversial issue among the public. M.J. Prescott, from the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animal Research, makes a very good point when he says that: Many people, including from within the scientific community, consider that the use of NHPs [nonhuman primates] in research is a matter of particular ethical concern because certain features NHPs share with humans, such as their highly developed nervous systems, cognitive complexity and intense sociality, have implications for the level or nature of suffering they might experience during experiments and are therefore morally relevant. (14) The close relationship between NHPs and humans is one of the reasons why so many people care about the use of NHPs in medical research. Based off of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, many people believe that humans evolved from primates which would make them the next-to-kin of human beings. This close relationship makes NHPs the best option to get the most accurate results from a medical experiment, but it also makes them the animal that most humans sympathize with. Using any kind of animal for medical research is wrong because it is wrong to inflict pain or cause premature death to an animal, there has been a significant increase in the number of NHPs in research, and there is no way for animals to give their informed consent to be used in medical research. One of... ...: 269+. Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Prescott, M. J. "Ethics Of Primate Use." Advances In Science & Research 5.(2010): 11-22. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Singh, Jatinder. "The National Centre For The Replacement, Refinement, And Reduction Of Animals In Research." Journal Of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 3.1 (2012): 87-89. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Tremayne-Lloyd, Tracey, and Gary Srebrolow. "Research Ethics Approval For Human And Animal Experimentation: Consequences Of Failing To Obtain Approval - Including Legal And Professional Liability." Journal Of The Canadian Chiropractic Association 51.1 (2007): 56-60. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Westly, Erica. "Animal Rights Activists Try A More Creative Legal Tactic." Nature Medicine 16.5 (2010): 501. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club Essay -- Joy Luck

Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club Throughout Amy Tan’s novel, The Joy Luck Club, the reader can see the difficulites in the mother-daughter relationships.   The mothers came to America from China hoping to give their daughters better lives than what they had.   In China, women were â€Å"to be obedient, to honor one’s parents, one’s husband, and to try to please him and his family,† (Chinese-American Women in American Culture).   They were not expected to have their own will and to make their own way through life.   These mothers did not want this for their children so they thought that in America â€Å"nobody [would] say her worth [was] measured by the loudness of her husband’s belch†¦nobody [would] look down on her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3).   To represent everything that was hoped for in their daughters, the mothers wanted them to have a â€Å"swan- a creature that became more than what was hoped for,† (3).   This swan was all of the mothers’ good intentio ns.   However, when they got to America, the swan was taken away and all she had left was one feather. America was not everything the mothers had expected for their daughters.   The mothers always wanted to give their daughters the feather to tell of their hardships, but they never could.   They wanted to wait until the day that they could speak perfect American English.   However, they never learned to speak their language, which prevented them from communicating with their daughters.   All the mothers in The Joy Luck Club had so much hope for their daughters in America, but instead their lives ended up mirroring their mother’s life in China.   All the relationships had many hardships because of miscommunication from their different cultures.   As they grew older the children realized that their ... ... and in her hurry to get away, she (falls) before she even reach(s) the corner,† (87).   This foreshadows the relationship between the mothers and daughters in The Joy Luck Club.   The daughters can not understand the reasoning behind their mothers’ decisions.   However, the mothers realize their daughters are so much like them and they do not want this to happen.   The daughters grow up being â€Å"Americanized,† but as they grow older they begin to want to understand their Chinese culture.   All of the characters learned many valuable lessons that will be passed on to their own children. Work Cited Chinese-American Women in American Culture.   http://www.ics.uci.edu/~tdo/ea/chinese.html Roella. http://members.tripod.com/~Roella/AmyTan/ Tan, Amy.   The Joy Luck Club.   New York.   Ivy Books.   1989. Tavernise, Peter.   http://www.mindspring.com/~petert/tan.htm